Chapter 9 - The Changing South

Metropolitan Area Residents (CMSA)

2000: 9,157,450

Percent change, 1990–2000: 23.6%

U.S. rank in 2000: 3rd

City Residents

1980: 3,005,000

1990: 2,783,726

2000: 2,896,016

2003 estimate: 2,869,121

Percent change, 1990–2000: 4%

U.S. rank in 1980: 2nd

U.S. rank in 1990: 3rd

U.S. rank in 2000: 3rd

Density: 12,750.3 people per square mile (2000)

Racial and ethnic characteristics (2000)

White: 1,215,315

Black or African American: 1,065,009

American Indian and Alaska Native: 10,290

Asian: 125,974

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander: 1,788

Hispanic or Latino (may be of any race): 753,644

Other: 393,203

Percent of residents born in state: 57.7% (2000)

Age characteristics (2000)

Population under 5 years old: 216,868

Population 5 to 9 years old: 224,012

Population 10 to 14 years old: 200,802

Population 15 to 19 years old: 200,962

Population 20 to 24 years old: 239,252

Population 25 to 34 years old: 533,199

Population 35 to 44 years old: 433,268

Population 45 to 54 years old: 330,507

Population 55 to 59 years old: 116,932

Population 60 to 64 years old: 99,757

Population 65 to 74 years old: 159,915

Population 75 to 84 years old: 103,720

Population 85 years and over: 35,168

Median age: 31.5 years

Births (2003) Total number: 48,044

Deaths (2002) Total number: 22,298 (of which, 412 were infants under the age of 1 year)

Money income (1999)

Per capita income: $20,175

Median household income: $38,625

Total households: 1,061,964

Percent of families below poverty level: 16.6% (48.6% of which were female householder families with related children under 5 years)

(from http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Midwest/Chicago-Population-Profile.html)

Chapter 8 - Appalachia and the Ozarks

Here is some economic history of the Chicago region.

• Before it was incorporated as a town in 1833, the primary industry was fur trading
• The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 enabled Easterners to migrate in increasingly large numbers to the lands west of Lake Michigan.
• During the 1850s and 1860s, Chicago's pork and beef industry expanded. Entrepreneurs such as Gustavus Swift and Philip Armourhelped the area to become the largest producer of meat products in the world. By 1862 Chicago had displaced Cincinnati, Ohio, as "Porkopolis".

• Chicago has produced many of the foremost industrialists, corporate lawyers, merchants, and financiers in United States history
• Late in the 19th Century, Chicago was part of the bicycle craze, as home to Western Wheel Company, which introduced stamping to the production process and significantly reduced costs,^[4] while early in the 20th Century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting the brass era car builder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907
• Modern-day futures and commodity trading markets were pioneered in Chicago
• The city houses one of the Federal Reserve Banks

• Chicago Economy
  2000 Census Data	Chicago	Illinois	US
  Manufacturers shipments, 1997 ($1000)	26,745,880	200,019,991	3,842,061,405
  Wholesale trade sales, 1997 ($1000)	31,971,060	275,968,383	N/A
  Retail sales, 1997 ($1000)	13,882,143	108,002,177	2,460,886,012
  Retail sales per capita, 1997	$4,944	$8,992	$9,190
  Accommodation and foodservices sales, 1997 ($1000)	4,481,917	14,826,805	N/A
  Total number of firms, 1997	176,605	882,053	N/A
  Minority-owned firms, percent of total, 1997	26.7%	12.5%	14.6%
  Women-owned firms, percent of total, 1997	27.0%	27.2%	26.0%

Chapter 7 - The Bypassed East

Chicago is not Part of the Bypassed East so here are some other facts from the Encyclopedia of Chicago (http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1260.html)

QUARRY NEAR JOLIET PENITENTIARY, N.D.

Metropolitan Chicago's topography is almost entirely a product of glaciation. Only in scattered outcroppings is the underlying bedrock exposed in the form of low, isolated hills. The bedrock layers under the city of Chicago include massive reefs of limestone that are several hundred million years old, but they cannot be seen except in rock quarriessuch as the giant pit along the Des Plaines River atMcCook. At the other extreme are the human-created landforms of the Chicago region. Mostly the result of solid-waste dumping over the years, some of these mountains of trash (which now are grass-covered hills) rise 175 feet above the surrounding surface.

Chicago's flat topography is the result of its origin as a lake bottom. On at least three occasions between 14,500 and 4,000 years ago, glacial Lake Chicago, as this temporary enlargement of Lake Michigan was known, rose and fell. The balance was determined by the size of the glacier that blocked drainage to the north and the depth of the Des Plaines River outlet through the bedrock layers near Lemont. Glacial Lake Chicago was at its maximum extent about 12,500 years ago when it covered what is now the entire city of Chicago.

BEFORE HUMAN TRANSFORMATION (MAP)

The various levels of glacial Lake Chicago are marked by beach features such as spits and bars that formed along the temporary lake's margins. On the north side are the WilmetteSpit (Ridge Avenue, Wilmette); Rose Hill Spit (Ridge Avenue,Evanston); and Graceland Spit (prominent near Graceland Cemetery at Clark and Montrose). On the South Side, former beach lines are encountered along Ashland Avenue at 63rd (West Englewood) and 95th Streets (Beverly) and in Evergreen Park. Farther south and east the Toleston, Calumet, and Griffith Spits represent successively older beaches corresponding to successively higher lake levels that can be seen traveling south on Highway 41 from either Gary orHammond.

Like present-day beaches, these ancient features consist of almost pure sand. In contrast are the glacial moraines that formed at the margins of the stagnant or retreating ice sheets and which consist of unsorted boulders, sand, clay, and pebbles. Prominent among them is the morainic ridge known as Blue Island which was surrounded by the waters of glacial Lake Chicago. It extends from Dan Ryan Woods (87th and Western) nearly six miles south to the Calumet Sag Channel in Blue Island.

Chapter 5 - The North American Manufacturing Core

In terms of the manufacturing core, Chicago is second to none(According to www.chicagohistory.org). This is uniquely demonstrated by the Chicago History Museum, a must see for any visitor to Chicago.  Second to None, part of the Chicago History Museum's permanent exhibition, Chicago: Crossroads of America, demonstrates Chicago’s innovations—in retail, manufacturing, and many other areas.

Chicago has a diverse history in manufacturing and as a crossroads of the nation.  Located on the south bank of Lake Michigan, Chicago was ideally situated to be prosperous in the manufacturing core.  According the the text, Chicago is the dominant city in the midwest and is the unofficial capital.  Rising to the occasion to plant themselves on top,Chicago improved their standing by upgrading the and widening the Chicago River to provide a direct route down the Mississippi River for commerce.  Also, being situated on the Great Lakes, the opening of new canals connecting them to the Atlantic opened the door for literally tonnes of shipping activity.

In addition to shipping, Chicago was also an important center for the meat industry, major railroad switching station among other things.  It was given the discription of "Hog Butcher, Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat, Player with Railroads and Freight Handler to the Nation". Among other innovations that promoted the Chicago's rise to prominace was the Creation of mail order companies such as Montgomery Ward and Co.